Teach Yourself Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Tsunamis

Състояние: Много добро
Забележка: Почти отлично - подчертавано с червен текст маркер върху няколко места.
Издателство: Hodder & Stoughton
Град на издаване: London
Наличност: singular
Ширина (мм): 130
Височина (мм): 200
Дебелина (мм): 20
Корици: Меки

Are you fascinated by volcanoes, earthquakes and tsunamis?
Do you want to understand what causes geological hazards?
Would you like to know more about their consequences?

Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Tsunamis is the essential guide to these fascinating natural hazards. These three phenomena pose the most frightening geological events with which we inhabitants of planet Earth have to contend. This book focuses on plate tectonics before delving into the nitty-gritty of the ensuing hazards so that you soon have a clear understanding of what causes them, how they relate to each other, and how they can be predicted and, if possible, controlled.

David Rothery is a volcanologist and planetary scientist at the Open University.

Why not try Geology or visit www. teachyourself. co. uk?

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Contents

acknowledgements vii

01 introduction 1

02 how the Earth moves 5
magma, minerals and rocks 6
compositional layering of the
Earth’s interior 7
mechanical layering of the Earth’s interior 11
plate tectonics, earthquakes and magma
generation 13
volcanoes and plate boundaries 21
partial melting 25

03 eruptions 27
magma migration and magma rise 28
how rising magma evolves 32
volcano plumbing 36
eruptions 42
eruption triggers 59
the sizes of eruptions 61
eruption frequency and duration 61
non-erupting volcanoes 62

04 types of volcano 65
composite cone volcanoes 66
shield volcanoes 77
flood basalts 84
monogenetic features 87
calderas 92
subglacial volcanoes 96
undersea volcanoes 97

05 volcanic hazards 103
lava flows 107
pyroclastic flows 112
airfall 122
eruption clouds and air traffic 126
debris avalanches 128
volcanogenic tsunamis 128
lahars 133
jokulhlaups 137
gases and air pollution 138

06 volcanoes and climate 144
recent volcanic climate disturbances 145
volcanoes and human history 151
Toba 155
supervolcanoes 156
continental flood basalts and mass
extinctions 160

07 monitoring volcanoes 162
volcano observatories 163
seismic monitoring 164
ground deformation 172
microgravity monitoring 176
magnetic and electric monitoring 177
infrasound 178
lahar warnings 179
gas analyses 179
thermal monitoring 183
remote sensing 185

08 living with volcanoes 192
why live near a volcano? 193
benefits of volcanoes 194
volcanic hazards and volcanic risk 197
warnings and crisis management 198
getting it right 203
disasters in the making? 212

09 tectonic earthquakes 215
faults and earthquakes 216
focus, epicentre and seismic waves 221
measuring earthquakes 223
global seismic monitoring 228
prediction and warning 229
preventing earthquakes? 233

10 living with earthquakes 235
notable earthquakes 236
fatalities from earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions compared 248
earthquake proofing 249
earthquake preparedness 253

11 tsunamis 256
what is a tsunami? 257
seismogenic tsunamis 257
historic seismogenic tsunamis 261
tsunami warning systems 270
tsunami risk mitigation 272
landslide tsunamis 272
impact tsunamis 273

taking it further 278
volcanoes 278
earthquakes 278
tsunamis 279

gllossary 280
index 290